بِسمِ اللهِ الرَّحمانِ الرَّحِيم
الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على نبينا محمد وآله وصحبه
الدرس الثالث و العشرون
السلام عليكم ورَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وبَركاتُه , Although the Christians claimed to believe in One God, yet their God also had at least a son, and besides the Father and Son, the Holy Ghost also had the honor of being an associate in Godhead: so much so that God had a mother and a mother-in-law too. The Jews also claimed to believe in One God, but their God too was not without physical, material and other human qualities and characteristics. Islam replies to this with beautiful answer ….. Surah AL-IKHLAS.
In which Allah swt says:
لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ 112:3
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The verb used in above ayah is وَلَدَ (he begot), it’s not the noun for “child”. Noun has the tanween - وَلَدٌ. We have studied in previous chapter that any verb that contains “و” or “ياء”. in their root letter then it’s called weak verbs. So this verb وَلَدَ is also weak.
How do we make the present tense for this ? Just drop the “و”, and add “يا”, to make it يَلِدُ. you can check in Arabic dictionary.
Notice that, in the ayah the verb is of format يَلِدْ, and not يَلِدُ. That is ضمة is changed to a سكون. This is because the imperfect verb is negated emphatically. This is achieved by adding the particle لَمْ before the active and passive verbs. This gives an additional 2 tables. Now لم also affects the verb , ie. The ضمة is changed to a سكون. (Very important) This format is called Jussive mood.
Example:
Negative Past Active
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Negative Past Passive
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لَمْ يَسْمَعْ
(he did not hear)
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لَمْ يُسْمَعْ
(he was not heard)
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For every verb you should learn all the below format or conjugations.
example, the formats of verb وَلَدَ including Jussive mood.
والِد
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لَمْ يَلِدْ
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لَمْ يُولَدْ
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يُولَدُ
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وُلِدَ
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يَلِدُ
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وَلَدَ
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one who begets
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he does not beget
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He was not begotten
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he is begotten
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he was born
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he begets
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he begot
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There are some rules to pronounce verbs in jussive mood correctly. Memorise the below conjugation table for jussive mood.
It’s important to note the change in the last letters of the verb. It applies to every verb. you can memorise without lam, in this way.
yaf’al , yaf’ala, yaf’aloo … tafal,taf’ala,taf’alna …… tafal,taf’ala,yaf’alna….. tafaali,taf’ala,tafalanna….afal,nafal
لَمْ يَفْعَلُوْا - they did not do
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لَمْ يَفْعَلا - the both did not do
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لَمْ يَفْعَلْ - he did not do
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لَمْ يَفْعَلْن - they did not do
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لَمْ تَفْعَلا - they both did not do
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لَمْ تَفْعَلْ - she did not do
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لَمْ تَفْعَلُوْا - you all did not do
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لَمْ تَفْعَلا - you both did not do
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لَمْ تَفْعَلْ - you did not do
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لَمْ تَفْعَلْن - you all did not do
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لَمْ تَفْعَلا - you both did not do
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لَمْ تَفْعَلي - you did not do
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لَمْ نَفْعَلْ - we did not do
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لَمْ أَفْعَلْ - i did not do
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Negation of verb كانَ
In the previous chapter we learned about Arabic verb “to be” is كانَ (kāna) i.e
“I was” = كُنتُ (kuntu)
“you (m, sing.) were” = كُنتَ (kunta)
“you (f, sing.) were” = كُنتِ (kunti)
“he was” = كانَ (kāna)
“she was” = كانًت (kānat)
Can you reiterate the conjugation table for whole table ?
And its present form ?
“I am” = أكونُ (akūnu)
“you (m, sing.) are” = تَكونُ (takūnu)
“you (f, sing.) are” = تَكونينَ (takūnīna)
“he is” = يَكونُ (yakūnu)
“she is” = تَكونُ (takūnu)
Reiterate the conjugation table for the present form.
Now let’s negate the past tense in Arabic, paradoxically. This requires using the present tense form of the verb, in the “jussive” mood.
“I was not” = لَم أكُن (lam akun)
“you (m, sing.) were not” = لَم تَكُن (lam takun)
“you (f, sing.) were not” = لَم تَكوني (lam takūnī)
“he was not” = لَم يَكُن (lam yakun)
“she was not” = لَم تَكُن (lam takun)
compete the conjugation table for the above.
Then next ayah of surah al-ikhlas just uses the above.
وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌ 112:4
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Negating the present tense of كانَ requires a completely irregular form:
“I am not” = لَستُ (lastu)
“you (m, sing.) are not” = لَستَ (lasta)
“you (f, sing.) are not” = لَستِ (lasti)
“he is not” = لَيسَ (laysa)
“she is not” = لَيسَت (laysat)
Complete the conjugation table for above. لَيسَ , لَيسا , لَيسوا ....
Jussive mood:
When the particle (لَم) was added before any verb. It affected the verb by changing ضمة to a سكون. The same rule applies if the following letters comes in front of them. please memorise it in this way.
Lam , lamma, in, li, la
لِـ - imperative
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إِنْ - if
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لَمْ - did not
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لا - don't
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لَمَّاْ - have not yet
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Examples:
Ali didn't go
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لَمْ يَذْهَبْ عَلِيٌّ
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the boy did not eat
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لَمْ يَأْكُلِ الْوَلَدُ
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Abdullah hasn't arrived yet
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لَمَّاْ يَصِلْ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ
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don't be sad
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لا تَحْزَنْ
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if you study, you will pass
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إِنْ تَدْرُسْ تَنْجَحْ
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Remember : The jussive table ( lam , lamma, in , li , la). if any of these particles are before the verbs then convert it to jussive form.
Similar to jussive form there is Subjunctive form. Let’s learn this by negating the future. let’s go back to basics again.
Both the active and passive tables are negated by simply adding the particle لا to the beginning of each verb.
Imperfect Active
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Imperfect Passive
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Imperfect Active Negative
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Imperfect Passive Negative
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يَسْمَعُ
(he hears)
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يُسْمَعُ
(he is heard)
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لا يَسْمَعُ
(he does not hear)
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لا يُسْمَعُ
(he is not heard)
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Adding the prefix سـ (which is a particle that joins onto the verb) will limit the meaning to the near future, giving the meaning “I will soon hear”, and adding the particle سَوْفَ before the verb limits it to the distant future, giving the meaning “I will hear”. These particles are prefixed to both the active and passive verb.
Near Future Active
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Near Future Passive
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Future Active
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Future Passive
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سَيَسْمَعُ
(he will soon hear)
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سَيُسْمَعُ
(he will soon be heard)
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سَوْفَ يَسْمَعُ
(he will hear)
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سَوْفَ يُسْمَعُ
(he will be heard)
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Now the imperfect verb can be used to emphatically negate the future. This is achieved by prefixing the active and passive verbs with the particle لَنْ.
لَنْ يَفْعَلُوْا
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لَنْ يَفْعَلا
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لَنْ يَفْعَلَ
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لَنْ يَفْعَلْن
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لَنْ تَفْعَلا
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لَنْ تَفْعَلَ
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لَنْ تَفْعَلُوْا
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لَنْ تَفْعَلا
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لَنْ تَفْعَلَ
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لَنْ تَفْعَلْن
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لَنْ تَفْعَلا
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لَنْ تَفْعَلي
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لَنْ نَفْعَلَ
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لَنْ أَفْعَلَ
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Now لن also affects the verb, just as لم did, in the following manner.
For the verb he hears , it will be
Negative Future Active
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Negative Future Passiv
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لَنْ يَسْمَعَ
(he will not hear)
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لَنْ يُسْمَعَ
(he will not be heard)
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The same effect happens when we have the following particles in front of the verbs. memorize this table as you have to remember to convert the verbs when these particles comes in front.
Memorise it in this manner. An, lan, izan … li, hatta, fa, ….. ka, likka, likaila.
كَيْ - In order to
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لِـ - So that
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أَنْ - That
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لكَيْ - so that
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حَتَّىْ - Until
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لَنْ - Will not
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لِكَيْلا - so that
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فَـ - Then
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إِذَنْ - Then
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Examples:
I want to go
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أُرِيْدُ أَنْ أذْهَبَ
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he will not go
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لَنْ يَذْهَبَ
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they came to help
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جَاْؤُوْا كَيْ يُساْعِدُوْا
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we came to see you
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أَتَيْنَاْ لِنَرَاْكَ
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I will wait for their return
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سَأَنْتَظِرُهُنَّ حَتَّىْ يَرْجَعْنَ
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either we win or we die
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نَنْتَصِرُ أَوْ نَمُوْتَ
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Summary:
We learned about
Jussive mood : particles lam, lamma, in, li , la. If these letters comes then ضمة will change to a سكون.
Subjunctive mood: An, lan, izan … li, hatta, fa, ….. ka, likka, likaila. If these particles are there then ضمة will change to a فتحة.
Beautiful hadith
رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ء قال:إن الدين يسر، ولن يشاد أحد الدين إلا غلبه .....
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The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "The religion (of Islam) is easy, and whoever makes the religion a rigour, it will overpower him. ……
[Al-Bukhari].
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